https://www.thoughtco.com/dorian-invasion-into-greece-119912 (accessed March 4, 2023). The political, philosophical, artistic, and scientific achievements of ancient Greek civilization formed alegacywith unparalleled influence on Western civilization. Socrates. The strength of hoplites was shock combat. Spartan feeling was at that time very friendly towards Athens on account of the patriotism which she had displayed in the struggle with Mede. Casualties were slight compared to later battles, amounting to anywhere between 5 and 15% for the winning and losing sides respectively,[7] but the slain often included the most prominent citizens and generals who led from the front. More importantly, it permitted the formation of a shield-wall by an army, an impenetrable mass of men and shields. Although both sides suffered setbacks and victories, the first phase essentially ended in stalemate, as neither league had the power to neutralise the other. Snodgrass, A., "The Hoplite Reform and History," Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. During the fourth and fifth centuries in Athens alone, it was estimated that there were between 60,000 and 80,000 slaves. All rights reserved. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/dorian-invasion-into-greece-119912. Greece, of roving habits. Furthermore, Themistocles also predicts that the growth in Athenian power will be centered on the sea. Myth of the legendary Odysseus Because hoplites were all protected by their own shield and others shields and spears, they were relatively safe as long as the formation didn't break. He was 66. How to say enemy in Greek Greek Translation echthrs More Greek words for enemy noun echthrs foe adjective echthriks hostile, unfriendly, inimical, malevolent Find more words! Omissions? This was the first true engagement between a hoplite army and a non-Greek army. "An Overview of the Dorian Invasion Into Greece." In 477, he led an army against Persian-occupied Eion in northern Greece. The term colonization, although it may be convenient and widely used, is misleading. celebrated confederation known as the Amphictyonic Council. On early reliefs, it is easy to identify the dead person; however, during the fourth century B.C., more and more family members were added to the scenes, and often many names were inscribed (11.100.2), making it difficult to distinguish the deceased from the mourners. 480323 B.C. After the war, ambitions of many Greek states dramatically increased. A. M. and Scullard, H. H., (eds. The city-states of Ancient Greece had different governments and were constantly changing alliances. With more resources available, he was able to assemble a more diverse army, including strong cavalry components. The Dorians were considered the people of ancient Greece and received their mythological name from the son of Hellen, Dorus. Ancient literary sources emphasize the necessity of a proper burial and refer to the omission of burial rites as an insult to human dignity (Iliad23: 71). Political and legal sources of resentment, Athenian aggression outside the Peloponnese, The effect of the Persian Wars on philosophy, The conquest of Bactria and the Indus valley, https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Greece, PBS LearningMedia - Emergence of Cities and the Prophecies of Oracles | The Greeks, PBS LearningMedia - Homer and the Gods - The Greeks, PBS LearningMedia - Building the Navy | The Greeks, Ancient History Encyclopedia - Ancient Greece, Eurasia, National Geographic Kids - Facts about Ancient Greece for kids, PBS LearningMedia - The Rise of Alexander the Great, PBS LearningMedia - The Birth of Democracy | The Greeks, PBS LearningMedia - Greek Guide to Greatness: Religion | The Greeks, PBS LearningMedia - Greek Guide to Greatness: Economy | The Greeks, ancient Greece - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), ancient Greece - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). They denounced their original treaty with Sparta made during the Greco-Persian Wars, then proceeded to make an alliance with Argos, a major enemy of the Spartans. Since the soldiers were citizens with other occupations, warfare was limited in distance, season and scale. An Athenian army of c. 10,000 hoplites marched to meet the Persian army of about 25,000 troops[citation needed]. Pertaining to an Earl of Arundel; as, Arundel or Lazenby, John F., "Hoplite Warfare," in John Hackett, (ed. The later years of the Pentecontaetia were marked by increasing conflict between Athens and the traditional land powers of Greece, led by Sparta. The rise of the Macedonian Kingdom is generally taken to signal the beginning of the Hellenistic period, and certainly marked the end of the distinctive hoplite battle in Ancient Greece. The term originated with a scholiast on Thucydides, who used it in their description of the period. The Delian League (hereafter 'Athenians') were primarily a naval power, whereas the Peloponnesian League (hereafter 'Spartans') consisted of primarily land-based powers. A crown for a king! The civilization of Ancient Greece emerged into the light of history in the 8th century BC. The eventual triumph of the Greeks was achieved by alliances of many city-states, on a scale and scope never seen before. In order to outflank the isthmus, Xerxes needed to use this fleet, and in turn therefore needed to defeat the Greek fleet; similarly, the Greeks needed to neutralise the Persian fleet to ensure their safety. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Following the prothesis, the deceased was brought to the cemetery in a procession, the ekphora, which usually took place just before dawn. Greece. Certainly, by approximately 650 BC, as dated by the Chigi vase, the 'hoplite revolution' was complete. The grave, which dates to about 1000 bce, contains the (probably cremated) remains of a man and a woman. The Acropolis played an integral role in Athenian life. Greece to a congress or council. Death, Burial, and the Afterlife in Ancient Greece. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Remains of horses were found as well; the animals had been buried with their snaffle bits. Death, Burial, and the Afterlife in Ancient Greece. In, Painted limestone funerary stele with a woman in childbirth, Painted limestone funerary stele with a seated man and two standing figures, Marble stele (grave marker) of a youth and a little girl, Marble funerary statues of a maiden and a little girl, Painted limestone funerary slab with a man controlling a rearing horse, Painted limestone funerary slab with a soldier standing at ease, Painted limestone funerary slab with a soldier taking a kantharos from his attendant, Painted limestone funerary slab with a soldier and two girls, Terracotta bell-krater (bowl for mixing wine and water), Marble akroterion of the grave monument of Timotheos and Nikon, The Julio-Claudian Dynasty (27 B.C.68 A.D.), Athenian Vase Painting: Black- and Red-Figure Techniques, Boscoreale: Frescoes from the Villa of P. Fannius Synistor, Scenes of Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, The Cesnola Collection at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Art of Classical Greece (ca. The rise of Athens and Sparta during this conflict led directly to the Peloponnesian War, which saw diversification of warfare. At the Battle of Mantinea, the largest battle ever fought between the Greek city-states occurred; most states were represented on one side or the other. Krentz, Peter, "Deception in Archaic and Classical Greek Warfare," in Hans van Wees, War and Violence in Ancient Greece, London and Swansea: Duckworth and the Classical Press of Wales, 2000, pp. Adcock, Frank E., The Greek and Macedonian Art of War, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1962. However, from the very beginning, it was clear that the Spartan hegemony was shaky; the Athenians, despite their crushing defeat, restored their democracy but just one year later, ejecting the Sparta-approved oligarchy. 465Operations in Northern Greece: Athens' powers and desire for expansion grow. [3] The opposing sides would collide viciously, possibly terrifying many of the hoplites of the front row. Marble monuments belonging to various members of a family were placed along the edge of the terrace rather than over the graves themselves. From the start, the mismatch in the opposing forces was clear. was to maintain the common interests of Greece. According to Thucydides following the defeat of Persia, Athens begins to reconstruct the long walls which connected the main city of Athens to the port of Piraeus around 478. However, Persia decided to take the opportunity to support Samos even though they have signed the Peace of Callias with Athens. This is a very important point in the lead up to the Peloponnesian War because one man is credited with making the split. Garland, Robert. There were no proper population censuses in ancient Athens, but the most educated modern guess puts the total population of fifth-century Athens, including its home territory of . Ancient Greek civilization was concentrated in what is today Greece and along the western coast of Turkey. The Thebans acted with alacrity to establish a hegemony of their own over Greece. Many of the finest Attic grave monuments stood in a cemetery located in the outer Kerameikos, an area on the northwest edge of Athens just outside the gates of the ancient city wall. The historical period of ancient Greece is unique in world history as the first period attested directly in comprehensive, narrative historiography, while earlier ancient history or protohistory is known from much more fragmentary documents such as annals, king lists, and pragmatic epigraphy . It scouted, screened, harassed, outflanked and pursued with the most telling moment being the use of Syracusan horse to harass and eventually destroy the retreating Athenian army of the disastrous Sicilian expedition 415-413 B.C. Pomeroy, Sarah B., et al. Marathon demonstrated to the Greeks the lethal potential of the hoplite, and firmly demonstrated that the Persians were not, after all, invincible. The Spartans were victorious, but they found themselves stuck in this foreign land. This helped the region because the tributes paid by each and every city-state were reduced with the increasing number of members joining the league. First, scale. The civilization of the Greeks thrived from the archaic period of the 8th/6th centuries BC to 146 BC. The Peloponnesian War marked a significant power shift in ancient Greece, . Relief sculpture, statues (32.11.1), tall stelai crowned by capitals (11.185a-c,f,g), and finials marked many of these graves. The hoplite was an infantryman, the central element of warfare in Ancient Greece. It is believed that an enemy, Eurystheus of Mycenae, is the leader who invaded The Dorians. Pedley, John Griffiths. One of the most famous troop of Greek cavalry was the Tarantine cavalry, originating from the city-state of Taras in Magna Graecia. The average Athenian. Hoplites were armored infantrymen, armed with spears and shields. With this evolution in warfare, battles seem to have consisted mostly of the clash of hoplite phalanxes from the city-states in conflict. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1998. This led the Persian army to mobilize a force to fight Cimon in the Battle of Eurymedon in Pamphylia. At least in the Archaic Period, the fragmentary nature of Ancient Greece, with many competing city-states, increased the frequency of conflict, but conversely limited the scale of warfare. Military structure and methods in ancient Greece, The rise of Macedon and the end of the hoplite era, the end of the distinctive hoplite battle in Ancient Greece, "The diverse greek origins of a Classical period Greek army", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_warfare&oldid=1136663953. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [2] Although comparatively heavy, the design of this shield was such that it could be supported on the shoulder. They also restored the capability of organized warfare between these Poleis (as opposed to small-scale raids to acquire livestock and grain, for example). Howatson, M. C., ed. The Eastern Mediterranean and Syria, 20001000 B.C. Plunder was also a large part of war and this allowed for pressure to be taken off of the government finances and allowed for investments to be made that would strengthen the polis. The losses in the ten years of the Theban hegemony left all the Greek city-states weakened and divided. 82nd & Fifth: Monsters by Kiki Karoglou, 82nd & Fifth: Naked Authority by Joan R. Mertens, The Artist Project: Adam Fuss on a marble grave stele of a little girl. The increased manpower and financial resources increased the scale, and allowed the diversification of warfare. While the Spartans combat prowess was unmatched on land, when it came to the sea Athens was the clear victor. However, major Greek (or "Hellenistic", as modern scholars call them) kingdoms lasted longer than this. Tensions resulting from this, and the rise of Athens and Sparta as pre-eminent powers during the war led directly to the Peloponnesian War, which saw further development of the nature of warfare, strategy and tactics. The beginning of this tension begins during the incipient stages of the Athenian empire following the defeat of Persia during a period called the pentekontaetia. ancient Greece or Rome. Ultimately, Mantinea, and the preceding decade, severely weakened many Greek states, and left them divided and without the leadership of a dominant power. The most lavish funerary monuments were erected in the sixth century B.C. This league experienced a number of successes and was soon established as the dominant military force of the Aegean. However, in the aftermath of a catastrophic earthquake and subsequent helot uprising in Sparta, no attackif indeed such was projectedwas launched. In the third phase of the war however the use of more sophisticated stratagems eventually allowed the Spartans to force Athens to surrender. As the Thebans were joined by many erstwhile Spartan allies, the Spartans were powerless to resist this invasion. The second Persian invasion is famous for the battles of Thermopylae and Salamis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975. They then proceeded to tear down Tanagra's fortifications. When in combat, the whole formation would consistently press forward trying to break the enemy formation; thus, when two phalanx formations engaged, the struggle essentially became a pushing match,[4] in which, as a rule, the deeper phalanx would almost always win, with few recorded exceptions. The Persian War was a 50 year series of conflicts between the Greeks and the Persians, for control of the Mediterranean. The Greeks believed that at the moment of death, the psyche, or spirit of the dead, left the body as a little breath or puff of wind. According to Thucydides, the Athenians were deeply offended by their removal from Ithome. The Athenian dominated Delian League of cities and islands extirpated Persian garrisons from Macedon and Thrace, before eventually freeing the Ionian cities from Persian rule. While some refer to the events prior to classical Greece as the Dorian Invasion, others have understood it as the Descent of the Heraclidae. In 476, Athens fought against the pirates of Scyros, as the Delian League wanted to reduce piracy around the region and capture the important materials for itself. Hornblower, Simon, and Anthony Spawforth ed.. Roisman, Joseph, and translated by J.C Yardley, This page was last edited on 2 December 2021, at 12:28. Enemies of the ancient Greeks Crossword Clue The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "Enemies of the ancient Greeks", 7 letters crossword clue. The centre and right were staggered backwards from the left (an 'echelon' formation), so that the phalanx advanced obliquely. Still the defeat of their wishes could not but cause them secret annoyance. (1.92 [1]) The Spartan annoyance stems partly from the long walls being a major deterrent to land based, non-siege tactics which the Spartans were particularly adept at, but also from the way in which the deal was brokered. Rawlings, Louis, "Alternative Agonies: Hoplite Martial and Combat Experiences beyond the Phalanx," in Hans van Wees, War and Violence in Ancient Greece, London and Swansea: Duckworth and the Classical Press of Wales, 2000, pp. The Spartans did not feel strong enough to impose their will on a shattered Athens. But this was unstable, and the Persian Empire sponsored a rebellion by the combined powers of Athens, Thebes, Corinth and Argos, resulting in the Corinthian War (395387 BC). Lazenby, John F., The Peloponnesian War: A Military Study, London: Routledge, 2004. Conversely, another defeat and loss of prestige meant that Sparta was unable to regain its primary position in Greece. The early encounters, at Nemea and Coronea were typical engagements of hoplite phalanxes, resulting in Spartan victories. At one point, the Greeks even attempted an invasion of Cyprus and Egypt (which proved disastrous), demonstrating a major legacy of the Persian Wars: warfare in Greece had moved beyond the seasonal squabbles between city-states, to coordinated international actions involving huge armies. These developments ushered in the period of Archaic Greece (800480 BC). To battle the enormous armies of the Achaemenid Empire was effectively beyond the capabilities of a single city-state. Like all ancient marble sculpture, funerary statues and grave stelai were brightly painted, and extensive remains of red, black, blue, and green pigment can still be seen (04.17.1). Opportunities for citizens to join the office were increased tremendously when 500 members were added. It is believed that an enemy, Eurystheus of Mycenae, is the leader who invaded The Dorians. Thucydides offers us a unique perspective to view the Peloponnesian War since he actually took part in the conflict. Who is ancient Greece's long time enemy in the north? It was the period in which the harder and cheaper metal iron replaced bronze as a material for weapons and farm implements. Although alliances between city-states were commonplace, the scale of this league was a novelty, and the first time that the Greeks had united in such a way to face an external threat. They considered both political and Athenian slaves tended to enjoy more freedom than those elsewhere. "An Overview of the Dorian Invasion Into Greece." This brought the rebels to terms, and restored the Spartan hegemony on a more stable footing. 450The Peace of CalliasAlthough this peace treaty is subject to scholarly debate, allegedly Athens and Persia agreed to a ceasefire.[2]. Set-piece battles during this war proved indecisive and instead there was increased reliance on naval warfare, and strategies of attrition such as blockades and sieges. This allowed diversification of the allied armed forces, rather than simply mustering a very large hoplite army. , , are the top translations of "enemy" into Ancient Greek (to 1453). It was a time about which Greeks of the Classical age had confused and actually false notions. Thucydides writes of Themistocles, an envoy to Sparta, who in 479 changed the tide of history by hiding the facts regarding the construction of the walls around Athens and those of the Piraeus. As the Thebans attempted to expand their influence over Boeotia, they inevitably incurred the ire of Sparta. Cimon persuaded Greek settlements on the Carian and Lycian coast to rebel against Persia. The Thracians in classical times were broken up into a large number of groups and tribes (over 200), . Following this victory, the Thebans first secured their power-base in Boeotia, before marching on Sparta. to the Present, New York, NY: Free Press, 1989. However, ancient Greek colonists established cities all around the Mediterranean and along the coast of the Black Sea. Conversely, the Spartans repeatedly invaded Attica, but only for a few weeks at a time; they remained wedded to the idea of hoplite-as-citizen. In about 1100 B.C., a group of men from the North, who spoke Greek, invaded the Peloponnese. Connolly, Peter, Greece and Rome at War, London: Greenhill Books, 1998. Having developed a navy that was capable of taking on the much-weakened Athenian navy, the Spartan general Lysander seized the Hellespont, the source of Athens' grain. The major innovation in the development of the hoplite seems to have been the characteristic circular shield (aspis), roughly 1m (3.3ft) in diameter, and made of wood faced with bronze. The Peloponnesian War (431404 BC), was fought between the Athenian dominated Delian League and the Spartan dominated Peloponnesian League. Athenian naval supremacy was a great fear of Sparta and her allies. However, this system caused an outrage from the elites, claiming that the poor were uneducated and incapable of governing. 476The Conquest of Scyros: The invasions continued with success on a par with Cimon's prior campaigns. in Hans van Wees, War and Violence in Ancient Greece, London and Swansea: Duckworth and the Classical Press of Wales, 2000, pp. Along with the rise of the city-states evolved a new style of warfare: the hoplite phalanx. Greece; Spartan. resembling a modern political club. A relief depicting a generalized image of the deceased sometimes evoked aspects of the persons life, with the addition of a servant, possessions, dog, etc. Traditionally, this has been dated to the 8th century BC, and attributed to Sparta; but more recent views suggest a later date, towards the 7th century BC[citation needed]. Following the defeat of the Athenians in 404 BC, and the disbandment of the Athenian-dominated Delian League, Ancient Greece fell under the Spartan hegemony. Thermopylae provided the Greeks with time to arrange their defences, and they dug in across the Isthmus of Corinth, an impregnable position; although an evacuated Athens was thereby sacrificed to the advancing Persians. The visionary Athenian politician Themistocles had successfully persuaded his fellow citizens to build a huge fleet in 483/82 BC to combat the Persian threat (and thus to effectively abandon their hoplite army, since there were not men enough for both). Game of Thrones | S01E06 - A Golden CrownNine noble families fight for control over the lands of Westeros, while an ancient enemy returns. ), Contexts for the Display of Statues in Classical Antiquity, Funerary Vases in Southern Italy and Sicily, Greek Terracotta Figurines with Articulated Limbs, Mystery Cults in the Greek and Roman World, List of Rulers of the Ancient Greek World. Although the Spartans did not attempt to rule all of Greece directly, they prevented alliances of other Greek cities, and forced the city-states to accept governments deemed suitable by Sparta. Pericles was born c. 495 BC, in Athens, Greece. ARMIES AND ENEMIES OF ANCIENT GREECE AND MACEDONIA . [11] This gave the Athenian army a small window of opportunity to attack the remainder of the Persian Army. Greek political ideas have influenced modern forms of government, Greek pottery and sculpture have inspired artists for millennia, and Greek epic, lyric, and dramatic poetry is still read around the world. The origins of the hoplite are obscure, and no small matter of contention amongst historians. 2d ed. Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History. If a hoplite escaped, he would sometimes be forced to drop his cumbersome aspis, thereby disgracing himself to his friends and family. Sources. These developments ushered in the period of Archaic Greece (800-480 BC). Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2018. ), War and Society in the Greek World, London: Routledge, 1993, pp. 446The Peloponnesian Invasion of Attica: Athens continued their indirect war with Sparta by attempting to gain control of Delphi. Not all answers shown, provide a pattern or longer clue for more results, or please use, Make trip before fateful date in March brings dangerous currents. 480 . Unlike the fiercely independent (and small) city-states, Macedon was a tribal kingdom, ruled by an autocratic king, and importantly, covering a larger area. These events permanently reduced Spartan power and prestige, and replaced the Spartan hegemony with a Theban one. However, their six-year expedition did not lead to much success against Persia, as 100 Athenian ships were destroyed in the Delta region. It was a period of political, philosophical, artistic, and scientific achievements that formed a legacy with unparalleled influence on Western civilization. Building on the experience of the Persian Wars, the diversification from core hoplite warfare, permitted by increased resources, continued. 432The Megarian Decree: With Sparta's aid, Megara urged Athens to drop their decree against them since it was hurting their economy; they were forbidden to use Athens' markets and harbors. From 447 to 445, the Delian League was able to influence city-states near the Mediterranean to join and pay tribute (phoro). ancient Greek civilization, the period following Mycenaean civilization, which ended about 1200 bce, to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 bce. When exactly the phalanx was developed is uncertain, but it is thought to have been developed by the Argives in their early clashes with the Spartans. Themistocles through his cunningness asserts an independent and strong Athenian identity. Raising such a large army had denuded Athens of defenders, and thus any attack in the Athenian rear would cut off the Army from the City. The goddess Themis was a female Titan, a goddess from the generation before Zeus. . The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Unable to maintain professional armies, the city-states relied on their citizens to fight. Epaminondas deployed tactics similar to those at Leuctra, and again the Thebans, positioned on the left, routed the Spartans, and thereby won the battle. The large bronze vessel in which the mans ashes were deposited came from Cyprus, and the gold items buried with the woman are splendid and sophisticated in their workmanship. For quality videos about mythology, you can visit the Youtube channel TinyEpics. 479Rebuilding of Athens: Although the Greeks were victorious in the Persian War, many Greeks believed that the Persians would retaliate. The Greek 'Dark Ages' drew to an end as a significant increase in population allowed urbanized culture to be restored, which led to the rise of the city-states ( Poleis ). According to the Heracleidae, the Dorian land was under the ownership of Heracles. Athens benefited greatly from this tribute, undergoing a cultural renaissance and undertaking massive public building projects, including the Parthenon; Athenian democracy, meanwhile, developed into what is today called radical or Periclean democracy, in which the popular assembly of the citizens and the large, citizen juries exercised near-complete control over the state. Van der Heyden, A. Thucydides wrote that Sparta contemplated an invasion of Attica in order to help free Thasos. The Pentecontaetia was marked by the rise of Athens as the dominant state in the Greek world and by the rise of Athenian democracy, a period also known as Golden Age of Athens. . So extreme was this hostility that Dorians were prohibited from entering Ionian sanctuaries; extant today is a 5th-century example of such a prohibition, an inscription from the island of Paros. To counter the massive numbers of Persians, the Greek general Miltiades ordered the troops to be spread across an unusually wide front, leaving the centre of the Greek line undermanned. It was a period of political, philosophical, artistic, and scientific achievements that formed a legacy with unparalleled influence on Western civilization. Corrections? He took the development of the phalanx to its logical completion, arming his 'phalangites' (for they were assuredly not hoplites) with a fearsome 6m (20ft) pike, the 'sarissa'. This 'combined arms' approach was furthered by the extensive use of skirmishers, such as peltasts. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. But just because that's how we imagine ancient Greece to be, that doesn't mean it's how it was. The Dark Age itself is beyond the scope of this article. enemy See Also in English public enemy noun , fall to enemy occupation imaginary enemy The period between the catastrophic end of the Mycenaean civilization and about 900 bce . 2 vols. During the course of this conflict, Athens gained and then lost control of large areas of central Greece. Department of Greek and Roman Art. Defying convention, he strengthened the left flank of the phalanx to an unheard of depth of 50 ranks, at the expense of the centre and the right. London: Dent, 1993. Department of Greek and Roman Art. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985. At the end of the fifth century B.C., Athenian families began to bury their dead in simple stone sarcophagi placed in the ground within grave precincts arranged in man-made terraces buttressed by a high retaining wall that faced the cemetery road. Important for the understanding of the Archaic and Classical periods, however, is the powerful belief in Dorianism as a linguistic and religious concept. 233260. The Macedonian phalanx was a supreme defensive formation, but was not intended to be decisive offensively; instead, it was used to pin down the enemy infantry, whilst more mobile forces (such as cavalry) outflanked them. Almost simultaneously, the allied fleet defeated the remnants of the Persian navy at Mycale, thus destroying the Persian hold on the islands of the Aegean. Lamentation of the dead is featured in Greek art at least as early as the Geometric period, when vases were decorated with scenes portraying the deceased surrounded by mourners. The Athenians were at a significant disadvantage both strategically and tactically.
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